Commando Training

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A timeline of Commando Training

The first call for volunteers for ‘Service of a hazardous nature’ was in the early months of 1940 and for the new Independent Companies. Many of these men went onto action in Norway almost immediately with little training.  On their return Winston Churchill wanted his own Corps of ‘shock troops’ to start afresh. Lt Col Dudley Clarke, who was then Military Assistant to the Chiefs of the Imperial General Staff, is generally credited with the initial outline plan of their formation. His plan was approved and the name agreed on. Thus the ‘Commandos’ were formed.

'Boat Training at Bunarkaig'

The Commando Boat Station at Achnacarry was on Loch Lochy at Bunarkaig. A small fleet of various craft was assembled for training in basic seamanship and landing drills. Amongst this armada were whalers, cuters, landing craft, dorries, canoes, rubber dinghies, kapok bridge rafts, and collapsible Goatleys. They were all stored in or moored alongside a little stone boathouse. Instruction began with a short film on the role and functions of Combined Operations, and the various craft used for training and operations. 

'Cliff Assaults' Combined Ops Pamphlet 24

Type: Files
Author: Prepared under the direction of the Chief of Combined Operations 1945
Year of Publishing: 2015
Keywords: commando mountain warfare training, cliff assaults
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History

Initially formed at Braemar in Scotland in December 1942 and called the Commmando Snow and Mountain Warfare Training Centre. The Commanding Officer was Squadron Leader Frank Smythe, an accomplished mountaineer. Its role was to train Commandos to fight in high snow covered mountain territory. After 6 months the unit moved to North Wales and assumed a different role including the training of Lovat Scouts as a Mountaineer Battalion.

'Commando Dark Mile training areas'

A good map of the various locations of training described on our archive.

Speed Marches

Trainees were introduced to their first speed march on the 2nd day of the course. A gentle 5 miles around the Dark Mile in under an hour. This first march was followed by other weekly jaunts each followed by an additional task  

7 miles under 70 minutes followed by digging a defensive position

9 miles under 90 minutes, followed by firing practice

12 miles in under 130 minutes, followed by a drill parade on the square

'Commando Mountain Warfare Training Centre'

Type: Booklet
Author: Provided by Major James Dunning
Year of Publishing: 2019
Keywords: Commando Mountain Warfare Training Centre, CMWTC
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This document has a brief history of the Commando Mountain Warfare Training Centre (C.M.W.T.C) and was prepared for a C.M.W.T.C. commemoration dinner on 30 November 1945. If the document does not load immediately in the viewer , refresh this page, or download from above.

'Courses at CTC Inveraray'

Courses for the Special Service Brigade and SCU.

The No 1 Combined Training Centre (CTC) at Inverary was located on the banks of Loch Fyne. The Naval Shore Base, HMS Quebec,  was also based at this location.
 
Training courses  took place here for units from both British and Allied Forces.  The list below represent only those allocated to the Special Service Brigade, and to the Servicing Commando Units of the RAF. 
 
Source: National Archives DEFE2/1317
 

Location

Inveraray Scotland
United Kingdom
56° 13' 54.3288" N, 5° 4' 31.476" W

'History and Training 1940 -1945'

Introduction

The following pages, compiled by the Commando Veterans Archive and published on the 10th February 2014, are designed to give the reader an insight into Commando history and training, and of the close association that has developed since then, between serving Commandos, Veterans, and their families, in the many areas such as Lochaber where they trained in WW2, and the places where they train nowadays. This section also includes an hour long film made about their WW2 training.

ALDRIDGE, F.

Sapper
Commando Basic Training Centre
Royal Engineers

Post war member of the original Commando Association with whom they lost contact. Last known address: Greenford, Middx.  [Source: CA Lost Legion 1].

ANDERSON, C.

Gunner
Training Centres
Royal Artillery
Commando Mountain Warfare Training Centre.
Source
Commando Association newsletter 118 Obituaries issued February 2004.
 

ANDERSON, Walter, E.

Private
Training Centres
Private walter Anderson served at the Commando Mountain Warfare Training Centre (CMWTC). Post war member of the Commando Association from York.
 
Sources
Obituaries in Commando Association newsletter 100.
 

AUSTEN, Alexander Fred

Company Quartermaster Sergeant (later Hon. Lt Col. )
Brigade Signals
Royal Corps of Signals
Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)
British Empire Medal (BEM)
Company Quartermaster Sergeant Alexander Austen, 1st Special Service Brigade Signal Troop, was awarded the British Empire Medal in recognition of his exemplary service [1].
Recommendation including Record of Service
1929 enlisted in the Royal Corps of Signals.

BALCHIN, John

Captain John Balchin 5 Commando
Captain
No 5 Commando
Commando Basic Training Centre
King's Own Royal Regiment
21 December 1940 commissioned Second Lieutenant, King's Own Royal Regiment [1].
1 May 1942 transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps [2].
Served Commando Basic Training Centre (Captain) and No.5 Commando in the Far East [3].

BARNES, C.

Colour Sergeant
Holding Operational Commando
Royal Marines
Served on the staff at the H.O.C. Wrexham as the Heavy Weapons Instructor for 'S' Troop.
[Source: Commando Association newsletter 42 issued 1966].
 

BARRINGTON, Derek, A.

Corporal (later Sergeant)
No 3 Commando
Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry
Corporal Derek Barrington was wounded on 27 December 1941 during operations at Vaagso, Norway [1].
In 1943 he was reported as prisoner of war during operations in Sicily [2][3][4].
Post war member of the Commando Association [5].

BAXTER, Richard Fraser

Captain
45RM Commando
Training Centres
Royal Marines
Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)
45RM Commando and Commando Mountain Warfare Training Centre during 1945-6.
Post war he was ordained Reverend and was appointed OBE in the 1964 New Years Honours List "for public services in Nyasaland."
 
Sources
CA Newsletters 38 and 98.
London Gazette 43200, page 23.

BEATON, J.W.

Lance Sergeant (later Drum Major)
Commando Basic Training Centre
Seaforth Highlanders
Lance Sergeant Beaton served at Achnacarry.
 
Extract from Commando Association newsletter 45 issued Sept. 1967.

BELLRINGER, Roy

Lance Sergeant
No 2 Commando
Commando Basic Training Centre
Royal Berkshire Regiment
Lance Sergeant Roy Bellringer served with 1 troop and took part in the raid at St Nazaire.  He was on board ML 446 and was evacuated back to the UK. In July 1942 he was part of the No 2 Commando Boxing Team. We have numerous photos in the gallery of him both before and after St Nazaire, and in an image of the boxing team.
 

BERRISFORD, Peter John

Peter John Berrisford MM 6 Commando
Sergeant (later Lieutenant)
No 6 Commando
Royal Artillery
Border Regiment
Military Medal (MM)
Sergeant Peter Berrisford was awarded the Military Medal in recognition of gallant and distinguished services at Djebel El Azzag (Green Hill), North Africa [1]. 
Recommendation

BISSELL, SSgt. Transcript of a speech.

Type: Personal Papers
Author: SSgt Stan 'Sonnie' Bissell BEM
Year of Publishing: 2015
Keywords: commando training
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Stanley Bissell joined the Metropolitan Police on the 1st March 1926. In 1930 & 1934 he won silver medal at the British Empire Games middleweight freestyle wrestling events in Canada and London. He was then posted as self defence instructor at the Metropolitan Police Training Centre at Peel House. He attended the Army School of Physical Training to assist him in this new Police role.

BISSELL, Stanley

Staff Sergeant
Commando Basic Training Centre
Metropolitan Police
British Empire Medal (BEM)
Stan 'Sonnie' Bissell joined the Metropolitan Police on the 1st March 1926. In 1930 & 1934 he won silver medal at the British Empire Games middleweight freestyle wrestling events in Canada and London. He was then posted as self defence instructor at the Metropolitan Police Training Centre at Peel House.

BROWN, E.

Private
Training Centres
Commando Mountain Warfare Training Centre.
Sources
Commando Association Lost Legions List 2.
See Linked Content below.
 

CHAPLIN, C.F.

Lance Sergeant
Commando Basic Training Centre

Former Lance Sergeant C. F. Chaplin of the Commando Basic Training Centre (C.B.T.C.), died in 1956. [Source: Commando Association newsletter 23].

CLOVIS, John Albert

John Albert Clovis 6 Commando
Captain
Commando Basic Training Centre
No 6 Commando
Lincolnshire Regiment
British Empire Medal (BEM)
Sergeant John Clovis RA was awarded the British Empire Medal (Military Division) on the 1st January 1944 [1].
10 June 1944 commissioned Second Lieutenant and later joined No.6 Commando [2][3][4].
 
Sources
[1] London Gazette 36309, page 28.

COCKCRAFT, William Gordon La Trobe

Major Cockcraft CBTC
Major
Commando Basic Training Centre
Royal Berkshire Regiment
Mentioned in Despatches
Major William Cockcraft was second in command of the Commando Depot at Achnacarry, later renamed the Commando Basic Training Centre [1].
 
Commando Assocation newsletter obituaries listed his details as "Major W.G.T. Cockcraft (CBTC) from Hartley Wintney, Hants." [2].
 

DALLEN, Arthur Lambert

Regimental Sergeant Major
Commando Basic Training Centre
Arthur Dallen, former RSM at the Commando Basic Training Centre, and for many years a Senior Prison Warder, was shot dead by terrorists in Nicosia, Cyprus [1]. He was a Senior Warder  at "K" Camp,  Central Prison, Nicosia [2].
 
Source

DE JONGHE, Arthur Jules Charles Baudoin

Arthur de Jonghe 10 Commando
Arthur de Jonghe
Captain (later Major)
1 Special Service (Commando) Brigade
No 10 Commando
General List
Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)
Bronze Star (USA)
Temporary Captain Vicomte Arthur de Jonghe, a French speaking Belgian national, took part in Operation Chariot, the raid at St Nazaire on 28 March 1942. He was a Liaison Officer embarked on board motor launch ML446 and was evacuated back to the UK after the operation [1]. 
  • Captain De Jonghe is listed in the Personnel Files of the S.O.E [2].

DICKS, George

Sergeant
Training Centres
The Sherwood Foresters
British Empire Medal (BEM)
Sergeant George Dicks was an instructor at the Commando Mountain Warfare Training Centre.  He was awarded the B.E.M. (Military Division) on the 1st January 1946.
 
Sources
Reunion at St Ives document below.
London Gazettes Supp. 37412, page 310.
 
Notes

DUNNING, James Edwin

Troop Sergeant Major Dunning
James Dunning 1992
TSM (later Major)
No 4 Commando
Commando Basic Training Centre
Royal West Kent / Royal Hampshire
James Dunning was one of the original volunteers for No. 4 Commando. Promoted Troop Sergeant Major he took part in the Lofoten Islands and Dieppe raids  before being commissioned Second Lieutenant on the 22nd May 1943. He then served as an instructor at the Commando Basic Training Centre.

EASTON, Norman Kidston

Captain (Temporary)
46RM Commando
Highland Light Infantry
Military Cross (MC)
Captain Norman Easton, CMWTC, 1 Commando Bde. HQ, and 46RM Commando 'X' Troop [1], was awarded the Military Cross in recognition of gallant and distinguished service [2].
 

EVANS, Frank

Private
No 2 Commando
Devonshire Regiment
Private Frank Evans took part in the raid at St. Nazaire on 28 March 1942. He embarked on motor launch ML262 and was reported missing after the raid, but was subsequently found to have been taken prisoner. He was transported to Stalag 344 at Lamsdorf, Poland. He had earlier also served at the S.T.C. and No.3 Commando*.
 
Sources

EVISON, Leslie John

Sergeant
Commando Basic Training Centre

The death of Sergeant Leslie 'Jack' Evison of Peterborough, Cambs., was announced in Commando Association newsletter 112 issued March 2001. He served at the Commando Basic Training Centre.

FLETCHER, Colin Evan Boulton

Colin Fletcher 45 Commando
Lieutenant (Acting Temporary Captain)
45RM Commando
Royal Marines
Lieutenant Colin Fletcher served in the RM Holding Commando in August 1943 before his posting to 45RM Commando by December of that year [1][2].
During the Normandy Landings on D Day he commanded 'F' Troop Medium Machine Gun Section of 45RM Commando [2a][3]. Promoted Acting Temporary Captain in 1945 [2]. 

GAGE, Tony

Sergeant
Commando Basic Training Centre
Royal Artillery
George Medal (GM)
Sergeant Tony Gage, GM served on the staff at Achnacarry. Post war member of the Commando Association residing in Vancouver, Canada.
Citation for the George Medal

GARRETT, Albert Charles

LSgt Garret, CBTC
Lance Sergeant
Commando Basic Training Centre
Metropolitan Police
Lance Sergeant Albert Garrett served on the staff at the Commando Basic Training Centre from 9th August 1943 - 24th Feb.1945.
A serving Metropolitan Police Officer he volunteered for the Commandos as part of one of the Police Intakes. In 1939 he was single and residing at the Police Section House, 227 Upper Street Islington. 

GILCHRIST, Donald Johnston

Captain
No 4 Commando
Commando Basic Training Centre
Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)
Territorial Decoration (TD)
Donald Gilchrist was serving as a Captain in the Cameronians when he volunteered for the Commandos. After acceptance he went to the Commando Depot at Achnacarry in February/March 1942 and successfully completed his training after which he was retained there as an Instructor.

GOMM, Arthur George

Sergeant
RM Engineer Commando
Commando Basic Training Centre
Royal Marines
Died on war service

Sergeant Arthur Gomm died from multiple injuries sustained as a result of the premature explosion of a high explosive demolition charge at the Commando Basic Training Centre, Achnacarry, Scotland.

HANSEN, Watson Victor

Private
Commando Basic Training Centre
Private Watson Hansen served in the Commando Pipe Band and Demonstration Troop at Achnacarry. Post war he resided in Kirkdale, Liverpool.
 
Sources
Commando Association newsletters 55 and Obituaries of 67. 
 

HARDEY, Ronald Graham Kennell

Capt RGK Hardey MC
Captain
No 6 Commando
Commando Basic Training Centre
Highland Light Infantry
Military Cross (MC)
Captain Ronald Hardey, 2 troop, was awarded the MC for his gallantry and leadership during operations on D Day at Normandy. (London Gazettes Supp. 36679, page 4046.)
 
In 1945 he served at the CBTC. He is shown in a photo entitled "Commando Basic Training Centre - Officers Mess - 1945." (CVA Gallery).
 

HURST, Arthur

Private
Commando Basic Training Centre
Holding Operational Commando
-
Post war member of the Commando Association from Leicester.
[Source: Commando Association newsletter 36 issued March 1963].
 

KAYE, John

Sergeant
Commando Basic Training Centre
-
Sergeant John Kaye from Wakefield served at the C.B.T.C. and the H.O.C.
 
Source
Commando Association newsletter 29 issued September 1959.
 

KOMROWER, Arthur George

Arthur George Komrower DSO
Lieutenant Colonel
No 3 Commando
Commando Basic Training Centre
Lancashire Fusiliers
Distinguished Service Order (DSO)
Territorial Decoration (TD)
Lieutenant (Temporary Captain) Arthur Komrower was appointed D.S.O. [1] in recognition of gallant and distinguished service whilst temporarily commanding No. 3 Commando during operations at Termoli, Italy, between 4 -6 October 1943 [2]. This was during Lt. Col. Peter Young's short period of illness with malaria [3]. 

LEES, Archibald

Private
Training Centres
General Service Corps
Lancashire Constabulary
Died on war service

Private Archibald Lees drowned in Loch Lochy during training.  He was seen after death by Capt.  J.E. Symondson RAMC, Medical Officer at the Commando Basic Training Centre, Achnacarry.

LEES, Brian

Capt Brian Lees 2 Commando and CBTC
Captain
No 2 Commando
Commando Basic Training Centre

Brian Lees served as a Lieutenant in No 2 Commando and is included in pictures in our gallery of the officers at Gibraltar in 1943. At some stage after that he is posted to the staff at the Commando Basic Training Centre and is included in a 1945 photo of the Officers there.

MAGENNIS, William

Fusilier
Commando Basic Training Centre
Holding Operational Commando
Fusilier Bill Magennis served in the Pipe Band at Achnacarry, and in the HOC. 
Extract from Commando Association newsletter 40 issued March 1965
Now Pipe Major of the lst Bn. Black Watch (R.H.R.) of Canada and stationed at Camp Gagetown, New Brunswick is ex Fus. Bill Magennis who served in the Commando Pipe Band at Achnacarry.
 

MCCARTHY, Peter Francis

Sergeant
No 4 Commando
The King's Regiment (Liverpool)
Military Medal (MM)
Sergeant Peter McCarthy was awarded the MM in recognition of gallant and distinguished services in the combined attack on Dieppe [1].
 
He is also named as serving at the CMWTC and attached at some stage to 46RM Commando. [2]. 
 
Sources

MILES, J.K.

Acting Corporal
Commando Basic Training Centre
Wiltshire Regiment
Corporal J.K. Miles, Commando Depot (CBTC), was wounded in 1944 during operations in Normandy (full date not reported).
 
Source
Casualty Lists / National Archives file WO417/76.
 

MILNE, Alan John Mitchell

Lieutenant Alan John Mitchell Milne
Lieutenant (later Honorary Captain)
No 3 Commando
Commando Basic Training Centre
Royal Artillery
Lieutenant Alan Milne served in No. 3 Commando, and on the staff of the Commando Basic Training Centre at Achnacarry.  He was blinded in the River Aller crossing, Germany, April 1945 [1].
 

MORGAN, Timothy Dennis

Lt Col. Timothy Morgan © IWM (MH 30869
Lieutenant (later Lieutenant Colonel)
40RM Commando
Commando Basic Training Centre
Royal Marines
Military Cross (MC)
Temporary Lieutenant Timothy Morgan, 40RM Commando, was awarded the Military Cross for gallant and distinguished services whilst leading a patrol at Pizzo, Italy, near Vibo Valentia, in September 1943 [1].
Partial extract from the Obituary in the Globe and Laurel July/August 1992

MURPHY, Dennis Eric

Capt D.E. Murphy CBTC
Captain
Commando Basic Training Centre
Irish Guards 1st Bn
Military Medal (MM)

Dennis Murphy was serving as a Guardsman in the 1st Bn of the Irish Guards in 1938 when he was awarded the Military Medal for his " conspicuous gallantry during an engagement with an armed band in the vicinity of Deir Bejjala o the 18th August 1938", Recommended by the Officer Commanding British Forces in Palestine and Trans-Jordan.

PARKINSON-CUMINE, Ralph Nicholas

Capt Ralph Parkinson-Cumine RM
Captain
41 Ind. Cdo. RM
Royal Marines
Military Cross (MC)
Killed in action or died of wounds

Captain Ralph Parkinson-Cumine MC, 'B' troop, was reported missing presumed killed during operations in Korea. His Commando were engaged in operations with US Forces as part of Taskforce Drysdale, named after their Commanding Officer Lieutenant Colonel Douglas B.

PARSONS, James, M.

-
Holding Operational Commando
-

Post war member of the Commando Association. Vice Chairman of their General Committee from 1997 to 1999, and Chairman 1999/2000.

Sources

Commando Association newsletters 104, 106, 108, 109, 110, 111.

PRICE, Martin

Lieutenant Colonel
48RM Commando
Royal Marines
Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)
Distinguished Service Order (DSO)
Mentioned in Despatches
Acting Lieutenant Colonel Martin Price D.S.O., R.M., was posted Commanding Officer 48RM Commando in March 1945 [1]. He had previously been Second in Command of 47RM Commando [1A].
  • By February 1946 Lt. Colonel Price had replaced Lt. Colonel Komrower as Commandant of the Commanding Basic Training Centre [1B].

PROCTOR, John David

John David Proctor 2 Commando
Lieutenant/later Colonel
No 2 Commando
Commando Basic Training Centre
No 4 Independent Company
Liverpool Scottish Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders
Second Lieutenant John Proctor received his commission into the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders (1st Liverpool Scottish)  on the 10th February 1940.

RICHARDSON, Sydney

Lieutenant
4 Special Service (Commando) Brigade
Royal Engineers
Killed in action or died of wounds
Lieutenant Sydney Richardson died during operations at Flushing whilst attached to HQ 4 Special Service (Commando) Brigade
 

SAVILL, Gerald Peter

Capt G.P. Savill
Captain
Commando Basic Training Centre
Royal Berkshire Regiment
Captain Gerald Savill served on the staff at the Commando Basic Training Centre. Post war he was a member of the Commando Association.
 
Sources
CVA Gallery CBTC images.
Commando Association Lost Legions List 10.
London Gazette 35282, page 5512.
 

SMITH, Roy

Company Sergeant Major Instructor
Commando Basic Training Centre
CSMI Roy Smith, from Topsham, Devon, served at the Commando Basic Training Centre.
 
Source
Commando Association newsletter 118 obituaries issued Feb 2004.
 

SUTTLING, Leonard

Sergeant
Commando Basic Training Centre
Lance Sergeant Leonard Suttling served as an instructor at Achnacarry in 1942/3, and was on the weapon training staff at the Holding Operational Commando at Wrexham in 1944/5.  Later promoted Company Sergeant Major.
 

THOMAS, James

Private
Commando Basic Training Centre
Royal Army Ordnance Corps
Private Jim Thomas, R.A.O.C.,  was one of the permanent staff at Achnacarry. 
 
Source
Commando Association newsletter 76 issued March 1983.

 

THOMAS, Thomas

Lt. DC 'Tommy' Thomas MC
Lieutenant
45RM Commando
South African Union Defence Force
Military Cross (MC)
Lieutenant Thomas Thomas was seconded to the Royal Marines from the South Africa Union Defence Force.

THOMSON, Niall, G.

Niall Thomson CBTC
Lieutenant
Commando Basic Training Centre
Lieutenant Niall Thomson served in No. 3 Commando and on the staff of the Commando Basic Training Centre, at Achnacarry.
 
Sources
Numerous entries in CA Newsletters including 94, 96, 100 and 105.
{Image] CVA Gallery.
 

TURNEY, William James

CSM Turney, CBTC
Company Sergeant Major
No 2 Commando
Commando Basic Training Centre
No 3 Independent Company
Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment

William James Turney enlisted as a Private into the 6th Beds and Herts Bn., TA on the 29th January 1940 and was quickly promoted Acting Lance Corporal.  He volunteered for the Independent Companies (Ind. Coy.)  and on the 26th April 1940 was attached to No 3 Ind. Coy. Having reverted to Private in order to get into the Ind. Coy. he was quickly promoted to Lance Corporal on the 1st May.

VAUGHAN, Charles Edward (Lt Col)

Lieutenant Colonel
No 4 Commando
No 7 Commando
Commando Basic Training Centre
The Buffs, East Kent
Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)
Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)

Charles Edward Vaughan, born 1893, was originally attached to No.7 and No.4 Commando before taking up his role as the Commandant of the newly formed Commando Depot (CBTC) at Achnacarry.

WALBRIDGE, Percival Norman

Captain
Commando Basic Training Centre
Small Arms School Corps and Somerset Light Infantry
Captain Percival Walbridge served as a Weapons Training Officer at STC Lochailort and the Commando Basic Training Centre.
 
There is reference in the London Gazettes to his promotion on the 18th Jan. 1941 from a Warrant Officer class 2 at the Small Arms School to Lieutenant Somerset LI.
[Source: LG 11Feb 1941; Supp 35075; Page 891].

WALKER, R.I.

Private
Training Centres
Private R. Walker served at the Commando Mountain Warfare Training Centre.
 
Sources
Commando Association Lost Legion 11.
CMWTC - see Linked Content below.
 

WELCH, Frederick Edward

Private
Training Centres
The Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)
Metropolitan Police
Died on war service
Died in the UK
Private Frederick Welch died at the Military Hospital, Onich, of multiple gunshot wounds. His occupation is shown as Policeman on the Death Register.

In 1939 he was Metroplitan Police Constable 262G and based or residing at The Metropolitan Police Convalescant Depot, Chigwell Hall, High Rd., Chigwell.

WILLIS-JONES, John

Served as : 
JONES, John Willis
John Willis-Jones 1 Commando
Sergeant
No 1 Commando
Welch Regiment
John Willis-Jones enlisted in the Welch Regiment in May 1939 before volunteering for the Commandos in 1940. He was attached to No.1 Commando as a Signalman and took part in their North African campaign. After promotion he served on the staff at the Commando Basic Training Centre, Achnacarry, as a Sergeant Instructor of Physical Training.
 
Sources

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